Mark Carroll wrote in :

John Doe writes:

They still need lots of exercise using their claws. If you just stop
them with the tape, they will need to get that exercise some other
way. Don't just treat the symptom.

It's worth experimenting to see what kinds of things they like to
scratch. For instance, with our current cat, I'd nearly given up hope
of stopping him from scratching the back corner of the sofa[1], but
I've finally found that vertical or semi-vertical boards with jute
fabric on them are what really appeals in his case. Try varying
material, shape (flat, round, whatever), orientation, until you find
an effective sacrificial attractor. John's right, pieces of unfinished
lumber can be great too.

I ditched the covering and have started using bare finished wood (1x4s)
for the horizontal parts of their skyway. No problem so far. Their
platforms/lofts are still covered with Astroturf and paper towels.

I have been using 1/4 inch thick recycled car tire rubber mat material,
hot melt glued onto 1x4s for their climbing ramps up to the skyway.
Naturally they had to get used to it. After months of use, they have
started scratching at it just like they do carpet or rope covered
boards. The rubber is becoming a tiny bit rough in the areas they
scratch, but so far haven't noticed any debris coming off of it. It
works very well for climbing. They are becoming skillful at using it.